|
Press Release: The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
NOBELFÖRSAMLINGEN KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET
THE NOBEL ASSEMBLY AT THE KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE
12 October 1998
Summary
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that transmits signals in the organism. Signal
transmission by a gas that is produced by one cell, penetrates through membranes
and regulates the function of another cell represents an entirely new principle
for signaling in biological systems. The discoverers of NO as a signal molecule
are awarded this year's Nobel Prize.
Background
Nitric oxide protects the heart, stimulates the brain, kills bacteria etc.
It was a sensation that this simple, common air pollutant, which is formed when
nitrogen burns, for instance in automobile exhaust fumes, could exert important
functions in the organism. It was particularly surprising since NO is totally
different from any other known signal molecule and so unstable that it is
converted to nitrate and nitrite within 10 seconds. NO was known to be produced
in bacteria but this simple molecule was not expected to be important in higher
animals such as mammals.
Further research results rapidly confirmed that NO is a signal molecule of key
importance for the cardiovascular system and it was also found to exert a series
of other functions. We know today that NO acts as a signal molecule in the
nervous system, as a weapon against infections, as a regulator of blood pressure
and as a gate keeper of blood flow to different organs. NO is present in most
living creatures and made by many different types of cells.
- When NO is produced by the innermost cell layer of the arteries, the
endothelium, it rapidly spreads through the cell membranes to the underlying
muscle cells. Their contraction is turned off by NO, resulting in a dilatation
of the arteries. In this way, NO controls the blood pressure and its
distribution. It also prevents the formation of thrombi.
- When NO is formed in nerve cells, it spreads rapidly in all directions,
activating all cells in the vicinity. This can modulate many functions, from
behavior to gastrointestinal motility.
- When NO is produced in white blood cells (such as macrophages), huge
quantities are achieved and become toxic to invading bacteria and parasites.
Importance in medicine today and tomorrow
Heart: In atherosclerosis, the endothelium has a reduced capacity to produce NO.
However, NO can be furnished by treatment with nitroglycerin. Large efforts in
drug discovery are currently aimed at generating more powerful and selective
cardiac drugs based on the new knowledge of NO as a signal molecule.
Shock: Bacterial infections can lead to sepsis and circulatory shock. In this
situation, NO plays a harmful role. White blood cells react to bacterial
products by releasing enormous amounts of NO that dilate the blood vessels. The
blood pressure drops and the patient may become unconscious. In this situation,
inhibitors of NO synthesis may be useful in intensive care treatment.
Lungs: Intensive care patients can be treated by inhalation of NO gas. This has
provided good results and even saved lives. For instance, NO gas has been used
to reduce dangerously high blood pressure in the lungs of infants. But the
dosage is critical since the gas can be toxic at high concentrations.
Cancer: White blood cells use NO not only to kill infectious agents such as
bacteria, fungi and parasites, but also to defend the host against tumors.
Scientists are currently testing whether NO can be used to stop the growth of
tumors since this gas can induce programmed cell death, apoptosis.
Impotence: NO can initiate erection of the penis by dilating the blood vessels
to the erectile bodies. This knowledge has already led to the development of new
drugs against impotence.
Diagnostic analyses: Inflammatory diseases can be revealed by analyzing the
production of NO from e.g. lungs and intestines. This is used for diagnosing
asthma, colitis, and other diseases.
NO is important for the olfactory sense and our capacity to recognize different
scents. It may even be important for our memory.
Nitroglycerin
Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, a product in which the explosion-prone
nitroglycerin is curbed by being absorbed in kieselguhr, a porous soil rich in
shells of diatoms.
When Nobel was taken ill with heart disease, his doctor prescribed
nitroglycerin. Nobel refused to take it, knowing that it caused headache and
ruling out that it could eliminate chest pain.
In a letter, Nobel wrote: It is ironical that I am now ordered by my physician
to eat nitroglycerin.
It has been known since last century that the explosive, nitroglycerin, has
beneficial effects against chest pain. However, it would take 100 years until it
was clarified that nitroglycerin acts by releasing NO gas.
The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1998 jointly to Robert F. Furchgott,
Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad for their discoveries concerning "nitric oxide
as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system".
Robert F Furchgott, pharmacologist in New York, studied the effect of drugs on
blood vessels but often achieved contradictory results. The same drug sometimes
caused a contraction and at other occasions a dilatation. Furchgott wondered if
the variation could depend on whether the surface cells (the endothelium) inside
the blood vessels were intact or damaged. In 1980, he demonstrated in an
ingenious experiment that acetylcholine dilated blood vessels only if the
endothelium was intact. He concluded that blood vessels are dilated because the
endothelial cells produce an unknown signal molecule that makes vascular smooth
muscle cells relax. He called this signal molecule EDRF, the endothelium-derived
relaxing factor, and his findings led to a quest to identify the factor.
Ferid Murad, MD and pharmacologist now in Houston, analyzed how nitroglycerin
and related vasodilating compounds act and discovered in 1977 that they release
nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle cells. He was fascinated by the
concept that a gas could regulate important cellular functions and speculated
that endogenous factors such as hormones might also act through NO. However,
there was no experimental evidence to support this idea at the time.
Louis J Ignarro, pharmacologist in Los Angeles, participated in the quest for
EDRF´s chemical nature. He performed a brilliant series of analyses and
concluded in 1986, together with and independently of Robert Furchgott, that
EDRF was identical to NO. The problem was solved and Furchgott´s endothelial
factor identified.
When Furchgott and Ignarro presented their conclusions at a conference in July,
1986, it elicited an avalanche of research activities in many different
laboratories around the world. This was the first discovery that a gas can act
as a signal molecule in the organism.
|
